A screen reader is assistive technology software that converts digital text into synthesized speech or braille output. It helps users with visual impairments or reading disabilities navigate websites, applications, and digital documents by audibly announcing on-screen content.
Screen readers are essential digital accessibility tools that interpret and verbalize what appears on a screen. They provide auditory descriptions of elements like text, images (via alt text), buttons, menus, and other interface components. Popular screen readers include:
Screen readers transform visual information into non-visual formats, creating an audio representation of digital interfaces through a combination of synthesized speech, keyboard commands, and navigation shortcuts.
The importance of screen readers extends beyond mere convenience:
Screen readers interact with digital content through several key components:
Users navigate with screen readers primarily through:
To ensure your digital products work effectively with screen readers:
✅ Use proper HTML semantics (headings, landmarks, lists) to create logical content structure ✅ Add descriptive alt text to all informative images ✅ Create descriptive link text that makes sense out of context ✅ Label form controls clearly with properly associated labels ✅ Test with actual screen readers like JAWS, NVDA, or VoiceOver ✅ Ensure keyboard accessibility since screen reader users navigate primarily by keyboard ✅ Follow WCAG (Web Content Accessibility Guidelines) standards
Avoid these frequent accessibility pitfalls:
❌ Missing alt text or uninformative descriptions ("image1.jpg") ❌ Inaccessible interactive elements that can't be operated by keyboard ❌ Poor heading structure that doesn't reflect the content hierarchy ❌ Unlabeled form fields that don't communicate their purpose ❌ Complex tables without proper headers or structure ❌ Reliance on visual cues without text alternatives ❌ Auto-playing media that interferes with screen reader output
When conducting UX research with screen reader users, card sorting activities must be adapted to ensure accessibility:
Using card sorting with screen reader participants provides invaluable insights into how these users mentally organize content, helping you create information architectures that work for all users regardless of ability.
Begin incorporating screen reader compatibility into your design process:
By understanding how screen readers interpret your digital products, you'll create more inclusive experiences that serve all users better.
Want to ensure your information architecture works for screen reader users? Try a free card sort and include participants who use assistive technology in your research.